Stroke Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

 Recognizing a Stroke

Stroke symptoms typically appear suddenly but can also develop gradually over hours or even days. This is sometimes due to a transient ischemic attack (TIA)—a temporary blockage that resolves before causing brain damage—which may progress into a full stroke.

The symptoms you experience depend on the type of stroke and the part of the brain affected. Common warning signs of a TIA or stroke include:

• Sudden confusion or difficulty speaking or understanding speech

• Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body

• Sudden severe headache with no clear cause

• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes

• Sudden difficulty walking, dizziness, or loss of coordination

Use the FAST Test

The FAST test can help you quickly recognize signs of a stroke:

• F – Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of their face droop?

• A – Arms: Ask them to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?

• S – Speech: Ask them to repeat a simple phrase. Is their speech slurred or unusual?

• T – Time: If any of these signs are present, call 9-1-1 immediately. Early treatment is critical.

Do not drive yourself or have someone else drive you to the hospital. Call an ambulance so trained medical staff can begin lifesaving care on route. Every minute counts.

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Possible Complications After a Stroke

A stroke can result in long-term disability, brain damage, or even death. The severity of the stroke affects the extent of complications. A massive stroke involves significant brain damage and is more likely to lead to serious outcomes.

Some potential complications include:

• Blood Clots: Limited movement increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Blood clots can travel to the lungs, causing life-threatening issues. Doctors may use medications or compression devices to reduce this risk.

• Bladder and Bowel Problems: Damage to the nerves or muscles can lead to incontinence or constipation. Catheters may be used temporarily but can raise the risk of urinary tract infections.

• Bone Loss: Reduced mobility may cause decreased bone density (osteoporosis), especially on one side of the body. Physical rehabilitation and monitoring can help prevent this.

• Muscle Weakness or Stiffness: Stroke can weaken muscles, cause stiffness or spasms, and impair coordination and balance, increasing the risk of falls.

• Cognitive and Memory Issues: Difficulty focusing, decision-making, or remembering things is common. Stroke also increases the risk of dementia.

• Seizures: These may occur, particularly in the weeks after a stroke. Anti-seizure medications might be prescribed if needed.

• Brain Swelling: Fluid can build up in or around the brain, increasing pressure. In severe cases, surgery may be required to relieve it.

• Sensory Loss: Stroke can affect vision, hearing, touch, or pain perception, which may interfere with everyday tasks.

• Swallowing Difficulties and Pneumonia: Impaired swallowing can lead to food or drink entering the lungs, increasing the risk of pneumonia.

• Speech Problems: Damage to the muscles used for speaking can make communication more difficult.

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If you or someone else may be having a stroke, acting fast can make a life-saving difference. Prompt medical care improves the chance of recovery and reduces the risk of complications.