Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus. This tissue can develop on the ovaries, behind the uterus, on the bladder, bowels, or, in rare cases, in other parts of the body.
This misplaced tissue can lead to symptoms such as pelvic pain, lower back discomfort, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility. Pain often occurs in the lower abdomen or pelvic area, especially during menstruation. However, some women may not experience any symptoms and may only discover the condition when facing difficulty conceiving.
Symptoms of fibroids can vary and may include:
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Heavy or painful menstrual bleeding, or bleeding between periods
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A feeling of fullness or pressure in the lower abdomen
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Frequent urination
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Pain during sexual intercourse
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Lower back pain
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Difficulty getting pregnant or recurrent miscarriages
However, many women with fibroids may not experience any symptoms at all.
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HIV
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) targets and weakens the immune system by attacking CD4 cells. Over time, the immune system becomes less able to fight infections. While there is no cure, HIV can be managed with proper medical treatment.
HIV is a lifelong condition and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the advanced stage of infection, where the immune system is severely damaged.
HIV and Women
Women typically contract HIV through unprotected sex with an infected partner or by sharing needles. Although HIV affects all groups, Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino communities face a higher burden due to systemic inequalities such as racism, stigma, poverty, and limited access to care.
HIV and Pregnancy
All pregnant women should know their HIV status. With early detection and proper care, the risk of passing HIV to the baby can be significantly reduced. Treatment during pregnancy, childbirth, and avoiding breastfeeding can help prevent transmission.
Learn more: CDC’s Let’s Stop HIV Together
Interstitial Cystitis (IC)
Interstitial cystitis is a chronic bladder condition causing recurring pain or discomfort in the bladder and pelvic area. The bladder wall becomes inflamed, which can lead to scarring or stiffness.
Common symptoms include:
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Pelvic pressure or tenderness
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Frequent or urgent need to urinate
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Bladder or lower abdominal pain, often worsening as the bladder fills or empties
IC is more common in women but can affect anyone.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS occurs when the ovaries or adrenal glands produce excess male hormones, often leading to the formation of cysts on the ovaries. Obesity increases the risk, and PCOS is associated with higher chances of diabetes and heart disease.
Possible symptoms:
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Irregular periods or infertility
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Pelvic pain
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Excess facial or body hair
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Hair thinning or baldness
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Acne or oily skin
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Darkened patches of skin (often on the neck or underarms)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
STIs (also known as STDs) are infections spread through sexual contact and are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. There are over 20 types of STIs, and they can affect both men and women, though women often face more serious complications.
Key points:
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Bacterial and parasitic STIs are treatable with medication
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Viral STIs have no cure but can be managed with antivirals
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Using latex condoms correctly reduces (but doesn’t eliminate) risk
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Pregnant women with STIs may pass the infection to their baby
More info: CDC STI Fact Sheets
Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence
Sexual violence refers to any sexual activity without consent. It is a serious issue affecting people of all genders.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) includes physical, sexual, or emotional abuse by a current or former partner and can occur in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships. IPV is a major public health issue but is preventable.
Learn more: Preventing Sexual Violence
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